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Introduction

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

How does the board of governors of a school work? This unit looks at the roles of Chair of Governors, Vice-chair and Clerk to the board and examines how the workload can be shared between the members. The governing body should focus on the quality and delivery of education provided by the school, not on daily management.

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Learning outcomes

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

The learning outcomes for this unit are:

to explain the composition of governing bodies and to consider the respective roles of the ‘officers’ of the governing body;
to understand the sharing of the governing body's workload within an agreed formal committee structure;
to develop governors as effective managers of their role through critical self-evaluation;
to encourage governors to undertake appropriate training as a means of establishing good practice within the governing body.

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1 Members of the governing body

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

Governors will have many demands upon their time and they must be sure that the time which they are devoting to school business is used wisely.
Creese (1995)

Governors are usually busy people with a genuine commitment to the school, but with limited time available. The governing body therefore needs to know, and use, the strengths of its individual members.

The 2002 Education Act has brought about some significant changes to the constitution of governing bodies. Governors have much greater freedom and flexibility to decide on their overall number and composition; the proportion of parent governors has been raised to one-third of the total membership.

The Act has also de-regulated much of the procedural legislation of the 1998 School Standards and Framework Act. This gives governing bodies the right to decide the means of undertaking their workload within the remaining legal requirements.

In doing this, governors will wish to work closely with and support the headteacher and staff. The governing body should recognise the achievements of the school and offer praise where this is due. However, in their strategic role, governors should also know where the school is not achieving as well as it could. They should be prepared to ask the professionals to justify their plans and actions through evidence-based discussion or reports.

There are four types of school:

Community and Community Special Schools
Voluntary Controlled Schools
Voluntary Aided Schools
Foundation or Foundation Special Schools

The type of school determines the membership of your governing body. This is related to the way in which the school was established and is organised today.

Find out more about your own governing body in Activity 1.

Activity 1

To find out the rules determining the composition of your governing body, look at the overview of the Constitution of governing bodies for each type of school (see below).

You might like to think about your own governing body, and consider:

Can you identify who is from each category of governor?
Does your governing body have any vacancies?
Does it have full representation from the constituent groups?

The governing body of every English school was required to choose and adopt a new constitution, in line with the guiding principles set out by the DfES, by 31 August 2006.

Click 'View document' to view the Constitution of governing bodies – overview from the DfES

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2.1 Introduction

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

For governing bodies to work efficiently and effectively, some governors are needed to take on clear roles: the Chair; the Vice-chair; Chair for each governing body committee.

All governors are entitled to an equal say and to serve on any of the governing body committees. However, some governors may wish to take an interest in a specific feature of the school. Such responsibilities might include; special educational needs; early years provision; health and safety; ICT; numeracy and literacy.

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2.2 Chair of Governors

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

The role of the Chair of Governors is particularly important, as it is the Chair who will provide leadership for the governing body. It can be a time-consuming job so, to prevent it from becoming too onerous, the Chair should encourage other members to become more involved.

An effective Chair can provide invaluable support for the school. A clear understanding of the role of the governing body, a positive and pro-active approach to the management of its responsibilities, and a good working relationship with the headteacher will do much to ensure the acceptance of the governors as part of the team.

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2.3 Vice-chair

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

The Vice-chair, often seen merely as a stand-in for the Chair, can play a useful role as a mentor for new governors. S/he might also chair those committees that deal with the more sensitive issues relating to complaints, or pupil or staff discipline, where the Chair may not be able to take part, owing to prior knowledge from previous discussion with the headteacher.

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2.4 Clerk

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

The governing body must appoint a Clerk, who should not be a member of the governing body. It is also advisable not to use a member of staff, if possible, to avoid any potential conflict of interest. While some governing bodies use their Clerk solely as a minute taker, the prime function of the Clerk is to convene meetings and perform all the administrative tasks required. Good clerking requires specialist skills, and the governing body will probably want to reflect this in an adequate level of remuneration, and by encouraging the Clerk to undertake available training.

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2.5 Governors' meetings

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

Most of the work of the governing body is carried out in meetings, and it is important that these are organised and conducted efficiently to ensure that governors feel that their time has been well spent. Agendas for meetings should have a strong educational focus within the detail of matters discussed; the governing body should essentially focus on the quality and delivery of education provided by the school, and not on daily management. There is a tendency for governing body meetings to be over-long and, on occasion, to be dominated by finance- and premises-related matters; spending one and a half hours discussing whether to remove a tree from the playground may not be the best use of everyone's time!

Each representative of the various stakeholder groups has the right to voice their opinion and have this respected. Through discussion, these wide-ranging views can help to ensure that the school serves all of its community to the best of its ability, provided that the agreed corporate view is upheld and used to best advantage for the school.

Now explore ideas for effective meetings in Activity 2.

Click on 'View document' to read Managing the work of the governing body by M Creese

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Click on 'View document' to read Governors' meetings, Inspectors' comments - An OFSTED report

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Activity 2

When thinking about your governing body, it could also be useful to think about how you forward plan in terms of your own workload. It is not uncommon for governors to complain that their meetings are not efficient.

Jot down your thoughts on what makes an effective meeting.

Now compare your list with that provided by Creese – and that from OFSTED – by clicking on the links above.

Discussion

Do you have any suggestions for improving your governors’ meetings?

You might like to put your ideas on the agenda for the next meeting.

You might also like to suggest that the governing body could plan the main topics for agendas for the full governing body meetings for the school year. The template calendar of meetings, provided here, is a helpful starting point.

View larger image

Figure 1 Template calendar

Long description

In addition, your LA Governor Services may have sample agendas that you could use.

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3 Sharing the workload

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

The new terms of reference for the premises committee of one nursery school were clear. The committee would meet three times: in October, February and June. In October they would tour the school with the headteacher and agree what improvements could be made to the school environment. In February they would check how the work was progressing, identify the money that was to be available from the budget in April, and agree their next priority. In June they would review the year and produce a small report for a full governors’ meeting, briefly considering their likely priorities for the next school year. By being well organised in this way the committee's workload was realistic and achievable.
(OFSTED (2001) Making It Better: Improving School Governance)

As the responsibilities of the governing body have increased, so has the workload, and governors will want to think about how they cope with this. The requirement is for three full governing body meetings to be held in the school year, but it is unlikely that governors will be able to cover all aspects of their work in that time.

Since the implementation of the 2002 Education Act, it has been possible to delegate most of the governing body work to committees or, occasionally, to individuals. This requires clear Terms of Reference for each committee and an understanding that, provided everyone has access to the formal committee minutes, it is not necessary to re-run the discussion at the next governing body meeting. The committee system allows detailed discussion of specific areas of the governing body's responsibilities in smaller groups, and eases the pressure on meetings of the full governing body. It also provides an opportunity for better teamwork, as governors may find it easier to participate in a committee than in the more formal full meetings.

There is a good example of sample terms of reference for governor committees at Suffolk County Council's website: click on this link and go to their document on Recommendations on Committee Structure and Terms of Reference.

There is a wide range of committees in use. Traditionally, these have covered the curriculum, finance, personnel, premises, general purposes, etc. In tune with recent legislation, some governing bodies have changed their committee names to ‘School improvement’ or ‘School resources’. The names are irrelevant; what is important is that there are not so many meetings taking place that the headteacher, or other staff, feel overwhelmed by the number they are expected to attend.

Trust is an important element in governing bodies; hence, it helps if all members know a little of each other's skills and experiences.

Although not compulsory, it is becoming more and more essential for governors to regularly update their knowledge and skills in order to maintain their effectiveness. LAs generally offer a wide range of training, often through dedicated support services, and governing bodies might want to consider how they can access this.

Now go to Activity 3.

Activity 3

Consider your governing body committee structure. Do you know when this was last reviewed?

In thinking about the role of the committees, you may want to pose a number of questions:

Does the structure still meet the needs of the governing body, especially in terms of the number of meetings that governors and the headteacher have to attend?
Could the committees be rationalised to give a slimmer but more effective system?
Do committee minutes provide the right amount of detail to enable the full governing body to ratify decisions or accept recommendations, without having to repeat the committee's discussions?

New governors may not feel well enough informed to answer the questions, in which case it might be helpful to have a look at the guidance on Committees and working parties (below) or to talk to the Chair or Clerk. Alternatively, new governors might want to consider enrolling locally onto an Induction Training course, or accessing this through the DfES website.

Click on 'View document' to read Committees and working parties from A Manual for Governing Bodies and their Clerks - ISCG

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4 Effective governance

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

Effective teams have clear, agreed and common goals – their members must all be pulling in the same direction.
(Creese and Earley (1999))

The DfES, LAs and a number of authors have set out their own definitions of the elements that make a governing body effective. They have generally included the following:

having a sound knowledge of the school;
promoting school improvement;
good relationships, including working well with staff;
effective time management;
effective meetings;
teamwork within the governing body;
promoting the school in the community;
taking responsibility for their own training and development;
taking responsibility and being accountable.

Click on the link below to see the four categories that Creese and Earley think that most governing bodies fall into. Click on each title for an explanation to appear.

Interactive content appears here. Please visit the website to use it.

It is generally agreed that good schools have good governing bodies: those that are genuinely interested in, and committed to, helping the professionals to serve the local community by making high quality education available to all its children.

Activity 4

By clicking on the Evaluating governance document below, you can see the grades that inspectors will award for school governors when looking at their effectiveness.

As a governing body, look at the questions posed by Creese and Earley on governors’ effectiveness and efficiency by clicking on the file below.

Would it be beneficial to discuss any of these areas further?

A major element of school inspection is how well the leaders and managers self-evaluate. In a meeting, you could consider how well your governing body matches the inspection grades. This requires a high degree of honesty, if the exercise is to be effective.

Make a list of those aspects that could be improved and the action that will need to be taken.

Click on 'View document' to read 'Evaluating governence' taken from the OFSTED publication Handbook for inspecting secondary schools

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Click on 'View document' to read questions posed by Creese and Earley on governors’ effectiveness and efficiency

View document

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Next steps

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

After completing this unit you may wish to study another OpenLearn Study Unit or find out more about this topic. Here are some suggestions:

If you wish to study formally at The Open University, you may wish to explore the courses we offer in this curriculum area:

Education

Or find out about studying and developing your skills with The Open University:

Or you might like to:

Post a message to the unit forum, to share your thoughts about the unit or talk to other OpenLearners
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References

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

Creese, M. (1995) Effective Governors, Effective Schools; developing the partnership, London, David Fulton Publishers Ltd.

Creese, M. and Earley, P. (1999) Improving Schools and Governing Bodies, London, Routledge.

Governors in Suffolk Schools, www.suffolk.gov.uk

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Acknowledgements

The Open University — Thu, 16 Jun 2011 10:34:36 GMT

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Other acknowledgements

Text: DfES ‘Constitution of governing bodies – overview’, A guide to the law for school governors, DfES. Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence Number C01W0000065 with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland

Table: Reeves, G. (ed.) ‘Planning your calendar of meetings’, Governor's Handbook: The complete guide to being a primary school governor, pfp publishing limited

Text: OFSTED (2003) ‘Evaluating governance’, Handbook for inspecting secondary schools, OFSTED. Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence Number C01W0000065 with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland

Every effort has been made to contact copyright owners. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

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